April is Testicular Cancer Awareness Month, a chance to remove the stigma surrounding men and boys who might feel uncomfortable talking about changes in their bodies. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer affecting men ages 15 to 44.
The disease disproportionately affects younger and middle-aged men, with the average age at diagnosis around 33. According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 1 in 250 males will develop testicular cancer during their lifetime.
“Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer, especially when identified early,” said Aaron Johnson, DO, a member of the medical staff at Kentucky River Medical Center. “The challenge is that many men either don’t recognize the symptoms or delay seeking care. Taking a few minutes each month for a self-exam can make a meaningful difference.”
Recognizing the Signs
Testicular cancer often presents with subtle symptoms that may not cause pain initially. Common signs include:
- A lump or swelling in one testicle
- A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
- A dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin
- Changes in the size or shape of a testicle
- Breast tenderness or enlargement
Because early symptoms are often painless, routine self-exams are important for early detection.
Understanding the Risk
Although testicular cancer can occur at any age, it is most frequently diagnosed in younger men. In the United States, nearly 10,000 new cases are expected in 2026. According to the International Journal of Urology, testicular cancer frequently metastasizes at an early stage, most often leading to cardiovascular complications and impaired fertility—making early detection crucial.
How to Perform a Self-Exam
Monthly self-exams are simple and can be done in just a few minutes, ideally when the skin is relaxed.
Follow these steps:
- Cup: Hold one testicle at a time using both hands.
- Examine: Gently roll it between your fingers and thumb.
- Familiarize: Identify normal structures like the epididymis (a soft, tube-like structure behind the testicle).
- Feel: Check for lumps, changes in size, or irregularities.
It’s normal for one testicle to be slightly larger than the other. What’s important is noticing any new or unusual changes.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice any changes—such as a lump, swelling, or persistent discomfort—schedule an evaluation with a healthcare provider. Early detection saves lives. Taking a few minutes each month to check your health can make all the difference.
Dr. Aaron Johnson is a physician and a member of the medical staff at Kentucky River Medical Center.